Employment-Specific Provisions of the CARES Act

In total, the CARES Act is 880 pages of often hyper-technical provisions.

Let’s zoom in and look exclusively at those provisions that are employment-specific.

Title II of the CARES Act expands unemployment insurance benefits:

• Unemployment benefits will be available for those unemployed as a result of Coronavirus (COVID-19) between January 27, 2020, and December 31, 2020; this will include those who are not traditionally able to qualify for benefits, including the self-employed and independent contractors.
• There will be an extra $600 per week in benefits through July 31, 2020.
• There will be funding to eliminate the traditional waiting period.
• Thirteen extra weeks of benefits will be added onto the existing number of weeks of benefits.
• One hundred million dollars of funding will be directed to states to support “short-term compensation” programs, where employers reduce workers’ hours instead of laying off workers and those workers whose hours are reduced are eligible to receive a pro-rated unemployment benefit. This funding is available through December 31, 2020.

Title I of the CARES Act attaches employment-specific conditions to available loans:

Section 1102, named the “Paycheck Protection Program” (“PPP”) makes $349 billion of stimulus money available.  The PPP makes available loans where no personal guarantee or collateral is required.  There are, however, conditions attached to such loans that need to be carefully considered before applying.  For one, the application process requires submission of a good faith certification that the funds will be used to retain workers and maintain payroll.

Title II of the CARES Act also affects Employer Social Security taxes:

First, Section 2302 grants significant latitude to delay paying the employer portion of Social Security taxes (6.2% tax paid on wages up to the 2020 annual limit of $137,700). Employers may defer payments of those payroll taxes for 2020 over the following two years, with half of the amount required to be paid by December 31, 2021, and the other half by December 31, 2022. However, businesses that receive loan forgiveness under the CARES Act (available under Sections 1106 or 1109) will be ineligible for these deferred tax payments.

Second, Section 2301 separately offers an “employee retention” tax credit: a 50% tax credit for wages paid (a) in a calendar quarter where revenues are less than 50% of the prior calendar year quarter, or (b) in a calendar quarter where the business has been fully or partially suspended due to government orders limiting commerce, travel or group meetings. These credits apply to wages paid after March 12, 2020.  The credit is subject to a $10,000 cap per employee for all calendar quarters.  In addition, an employer cannot take advantage of this tax credit for the paid leave wage payments taken into consideration for the tax credit under sections 7001 and 7003 of the Families First Coronavirus Response Act.  Employers that receive loans (not loan forgiveness) under the CARES Act (as added under Section 1102) are ineligible for employee retention tax credits.

The availability of these credits turns on the number of employees. For employers of 101 or more employees, the tax credit applies in either qualifying period but only to wages paid “for which the qualifying employee is not providing services” due to the circumstances noted in the preceding paragraph. For employers of 100 or less, however, the tax credit applies even when the employees are working.

In determining which entities should be aggregated for counting employer size for this purpose, persons treated as a single employer under certain aggregation principles of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be treated as one employer for purposes the CARES Act employee retention tax credit.

Title III of the CARES Act revisits the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA):

The CARES Act adds technical amendments. These amendments restate the limits on paid FMLA leave (but without appearing to change the $200 per day/per employee and $10,000 total per employee). These amendments also restate the limits on paid sick leave (but again without appearing to change the dollar limits).

More importantly, these FFRCA amendments grant paid FMLA leave to rehired employees, i.e., employees laid off on or after March 1, 2020, but who are subsequently rehired. For all FFCRA payments, these amendments waive penalties for failure to deposit taxes, where employers anticipate taking the tax credits under the FFCRA for either the FMLA paid leave or the paid sick leave.

Title IV of the CARES Act attaches employment-specific conditions to available loans:

Section 4003 makes $500 billion of stimulus money available. It earmarks a portion for loans at no more than 2% interest to businesses with a workforce between 500 and 10,000 employees. There are, however, conditions attached to such loans that need to be carefully considered before applying.

These conditions include promises concerning union relationships: (a) to “remain neutral in any union organizing effort for the term of the loan” and (b) to continue existing collective bargaining agreements until two years after the loan is repaid.

These commitments also include other employment promises, such as: “not to offshore or outsource jobs” until two years after the loan is repaid; to restore 90% of the February 1, 2020, workforce within 4 months following this public health emergency; and to retain 90% of the existing workforce at full wages/benefits through September 30, 2020.